Why doesn't Windows^® recognize all of my memory?

The maximum amount of memory that your system can use is limited in two ways. There is a maximum amount of memory that your computer motherboard can accept, and also a maximum amount of memory that your operating system (OS) can recognize and use. 

For instance, when you install 4GB (or more) of memory in a 32-bit Windows® operating system your system will see (and utilize) only 3GB or 3.5GB. Is the problem bad memory? 

There isn't a problem with the memory in this instance. All 32-bit versions of Windows allows for only up to 4GB of memory to be addressed, but this isn't 100 percent the same as having 4GB of physical memory.

What happens is that some of the 4GB of addressable memory is reserved for use by page files or by some of the devices that you are using, such as a graphics card, PCI card, integrated network connections, etc., so it's unavailable for use as normal main memory.

The amount of memory needed for these devices is calculated by your system at startup; if you haven't reached 4GB of memory in your system, it's invisible to you, and all your physical memory (the RAM that's installed) is available for use. However, if you've installed 4GB (or more) in your system, this amount will be deducted from the 32-bit OS limit of 4GB, so you can't use 100% of your DRAM.  

The maximum memory limitation also varies by operating system; for instance, the 4GB memory limitation doesn't exist in 64-bit versions of Windows.

Memory maximums for current 64-bit Microsoft® Windows OSs include:

Windows 11

• Home: 128GB
• Pro: 2TB
• Enterprise/Pro for Workstations: 6TB

Windows 10 (64 bit)

• Enterprise: 6 TB
• Education: 6 TB
  
• Pro: 2 TB
  
• Home: 128 GB